Wavelength tunable long period gratings based on silica waveguide geometric modulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents planar long period grating (LPG) devices based on a periodic thickness variation in the waveguide core, fabricated by etching into the lower cladding layer prior to definition of the waveguide layer. This periodic geometric change results in a stable grating structure and a permanent refractive index modulation of 10-4 or higher, which is comparable to the index modulation in Ge-doped silica material induced by photo irradiation techniques widely used in fiber grating fabrication. This grating produces a strong resonance at a particular wavelength in the transmission spectrum, enabling a range of applications from wavelength filtering to signal distribution in communication networks. In this work, a polymer and silica hybrid architecture has been implemented in order to achieve wavelength tunability. Using a thermally oxidized silicon layer as a lower cladding, a Ge-doped silica ridge is patterned using conventional photolithography and reactive ion etching to form the waveguide core, which is then covered with a low index fluorinated polymer cladding. While the silica waveguides offer a lower propagation loss and an easy processability, the top polymer allows the device to be thermally tuned over a wide wavelength range by exploiting the opposite thermo-optic coefficient between fluorinated polymer and silica, and the high sensitivity of the underlying LPG to the refractive index of the cladding layer. Strong rejection bands have been demonstrated in the C+L band, in good agreement with theoretical calculations. Corrugated structures have been defined across an extended area under multiple waveguides resulting in coupling of light from the fundamental mode into cladding modes and back into the neighboring waveguides located far from the evanescent coupling distance. This kind of coupler can facilitate devices that require extraction and control of a particular waveguide mode for applications such as multiple channel signal distribution and temporal pulse shaping. Implementation of LPGs for these applications will be discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".