Muscle-Specific Overexpression of CD36 Reverses the Insulin Resistance and Diabetes of MKR Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the primary characteristics of type 2 diabetes. Mice overexpressing a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor specifically in muscle (MKR mice) demonstrate severe insulin resistance with high levels of serum and tissue lipids and eventually develop type 2 diabetes at 5-6 wk of age. To determine whether lipotoxicity plays a role in the progression of the disease, we crossed MKR mice with mice overexpressing a fatty acid translocase, CD36, in skeletal muscle. The double-transgenic MKR/CD36 mice showed normalization of the hyperglycemia and the hyperinsulinemia as well as a marked improvement in liver insulin sensitivity. The MKR/CD36 mice also exhibited normal rates of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle when compared with the decreased rate of fatty acid oxidation in MKR. With the reduction in insulin resistance, beta-cell function returned to normal. These and other results suggest that the insulin resistance in the MKR mice is associated with increased muscle triglycerides levels and that whole-body insulin resistance can be, at least partially, reversed in association with a reduction in muscle triglycerides levels, although the mechanisms are yet to be determined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".