3D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF DROPLET INITIAL CONDITIONS ON THE EVAPORATION PROCESS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the effect of a droplet's initial conditions on the vaporization process in a turbulent convective environment at ambient pressure and temperature higher than the standard conditions. A hydrocarbon (n-heptane) droplet with two different initial diameters, 0.1 mm and 1.5 mm, and initial temperatures, 253 K and 320 K, is examined. The droplet is exposed to turbulent stream of nitrogen with a mean velocity of 2 m/s, and turbulence intensity ranging between 0 and 60%. The ambient pressure and temperature range is between 0.5 MPa and 4 MPa and 324 K and 1350 K, respectively. The numerical model solves the complete set of time-dependent conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration in both the gas phase and liquid phase. The turbulence terms in the conservation momentum (RANS) equations of the gas phase are modeled by using the shear stress transport model. Variable thermophysical properties, gas and liquid phase transients, and radiation are all accounted for. Moreover, the effect of high pressure such as nonideal gas behavior, solubility of ambient gas into the droplet, and pressure dependence of gas- and liquid-phase thermophysical properties are also considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".