A cost of reproduction in male Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In many species, females are thought to base their choice of mate on quality, which males signal through displays and body ornamentation. One important question is whether these signals represent an honest reflection of quality so that they carry an intrinsic cost to the male. A considerable body of evidence has revealed complex mating behaviours in gadoid fish, such as Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L., 1758), for which male reproductive success may be related to some form of female choice. However, if present, the cost of male signalling is not clear. To test the hypothesis that male behavioural displays are energetically costly, we quantified the number of displays initiated by males during spawning, and their corresponding mass loss, in two separate experiments. The number of displays was positively associated with mass loss in both experiments, suggesting that reproductive displays are costly to males; they also may be regarded as an honest signal of quality upon which females could base their choice of mate. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a cost of male reproductive behaviour in a broadcast-spawning fish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".