Experimental Investigation of Flow Field in Annular Ultraviolet Reactors Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performance of ultraviolet (UV) reactors used for water treatment is greatly influenced by the reactor hydrodynamics. A detailed study of the hydrodynamic flow for two characteristic UV-reactor configurations with inlets concentric (L-shaped) and normal (U-shaped) to the main reactor axis was performed using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The inlet position was determined to have a dominant effect on the flow distribution in the reactors. The time-averaged flow structures in the L-shaped reactor exhibited a stable expanding jet behavior with zones of recirculation and low velocity flow. The flow was relatively insensitive to changes in operating conditions but was affected by alterations in the internal reactor structures. In the U-shaped reactor, the flow separation around the central annulus introduced an unsteady flapping motion with higher velocities and short circuiting along one side of the reactor. For similar reactor dimensions and operating conditions, the L-shaped reactor is expected to provide a more uniform UV fluence and better reactor performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".