Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stars in various parts of the HR diagram often have atmospheres in which the departure from the simplest kind of plane-parallel model is largely dominated by a single physical effect. For example, massive stars and giants exhibit symptoms of strong winds and lower Main Sequence stars are very strongly influenced by the presence of deep and energetic envelope convection. Main Sequence A stars, in contrast, appear to display the competing effects of several physical effects of comparable magnitude. The effects which can be detected by observation include large and relatively simple magnetic fields, strong surface convection, pulsation (often in multiple modes), diffusion of specific species under the competing influences of gravity and radiative acceleration, and (more indirectly) internal turbulent mixing, weak winds, and non-thermal heating. This situation makes these stars extremely useful as laboratories to explore and to understand the physics of these various phenomena, and how these effects interact with each other. This review will summarize some of the interconnections that are gradually being understood and emphasize some of the major remaining problems.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".