Three‐dimensional viscoelastic finite element model for postseismic deformation of the great 1960 Chile earthquake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We develop a three‐dimensional viscoelastic finite element model to study postseismic deformation associated with the 1960 great Chile earthquake. GPS observations 35 years after the earthquake show that, while all coastal sites are moving landward, a group of inland sites 200–400 km from the trench are moving seaward and that coastal velocities in the 1960 rupture area are distinctly smaller than those to the north. We explain these observations in terms of mantle stress relaxation. The earthquake stretches the upper plate to move seaward, but elastic stresses coseismically induced in the upper mantle resist this motion. Stress relaxation allows seaward motion to take place in the inland area for several decades following the earthquake. With a viscosity of 2.5 × 10 19 Pa s for the continental upper mantle, the model well explains the GPS observations. Numerical tests suggest that the continental mantle viscosity value is reasonably well constrained. The model shows the prolonged postseismic seaward motion of the inland area to be a unique feature of earthquakes with very long rupture along strike and large coseismic fault slip. For short rupture and small coseismic slip, the motion will stop very quickly after the earthquake, explaining why this phenomenon is not more commonly observed. With an oceanic mantle viscosity of 10 20 Pa s, the model also provides an explanation for tide‐gauge constrained postseismic uplift 200 km from the trench that had previously been explained using a model of prolonged afterslip of a deep segment of the Chile subduction fault.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".