Developmental Regulation of Low-temperature Tolerance in Winter Wheat
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vernalization and photoperiod genes have wide-ranging eects on the timing of gene expression in plants. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine if expression of low-temperature (LT) tolerance genes is developmentally regulated and (2) establish the interrelationships among the developmental stages and LT tolerance gene expression. LT response curves were determined for three photoperiod-sensitive LT tolerant winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) genotypes acclimated at 4 8C under 8 h short-day (SD) and 20 h long-day (LD) photoperiods from 0 to 112 d. Also, three de-acclimation and re-acclimation cycles were used that bridged the vegetative/reproductive transition point for each LD and SD photoperiod treatment. A vernalization period of 49 d at 4 8C was sucient for all genotypes to reach vernalization saturation as measured by minimum nal leaf number (FLN) and conrmed by examination of shoot apices dissected from crowns that had been de-acclimated at 20 8C LD. Before the vegetative/reproductive transition, both the LD-and SD-treated plants were able to re-acclimate to similar LT 50 (temperature at which 50 % of the plants are killed by LT stress) levels following de-acclimation at 20 8C. De-acclimation of LD plants after vernalization saturation resulted in rapid progression to the reproductive phase and limited ability to re-acclimate. The comparative development of the SD (non-owering-inductive photoperiod) de-acclimated plants was greatly delayed relative to LD plants, and this delay in development was reected in the ability of SD plants to re-acclimate to a lower temperature. These observations conrm the hypothesis that the point of transition to the reproductive stage is pivotal in the expression of LT tolerance genes, and the level and duration of LT acclimation are related to the stage of phenological development as regulated by vernalization and photoperiod requirements.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it