Effects of cadmium chloride on the development of rainbow trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> early life stages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sub‐chronic (28–56 days) effects of exposure to low concentrations of cadmium (Cd; 0·05, 0·25, 0·50 and 2·50 μg l−1) shortly following fertilization on embryos, larvae and juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were examined. Premature hatching occurred at lower concentrations (0·05 and 0·25 μg l−1 Cd), however, delayed hatching was seen in the 2·50 μg l−1 Cd group, with >90% of hatching occurring on the last day of the hatching period. Larval growth was negatively affected by Cd exposure in a concentration‐dependent manner. Larvae exposed to 2·50 μg l−1 Cd were 13·9 ± 0·8% shorter in total length (LT) and weighed 22·4 ± 3·5% (mean ±s.e.) less than controls at the end of the exposure period. Plasma sex steroid concentrations (oestradiol in juvenile females and 11‐ketotestosterone in juvenile males) were elevated (four‐ to 10‐fold over controls) in exposed fish in both males and females, following 28 days of exposure to 0·05, 0·25 and 0·50 μg l−1 Cd, respectively. These results suggest that environmentally realistic concentrations (in the μg l−1 range) of Cd can affect the development of O. mykiss impacting embryos, larvae and juvenile fish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".