Polish and Somali Entrepreneurship and the Building of Ethnic Economies in Toronto
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polonais et Somaliens à Toronto : la construction d'économies ethniques. Les immigrants polonais et somaliens sont bien différents. Les Polonais sont un groupe d'immigrants plus ancien, peu visible bien qu'installé dans des quartiers spécifiques où il a su bâtir des institutions communautaires ; par contre, les Somaliens, groupe d'arrivée récente, sort nettement moins nombreux et n'ont pas encore bâti de structures institutionnelles spécifiques. Cette étude, basée sur une enquête auprès d'entrepreneurs polonais et somaliens arrivés au Canada après 1981, examine leur insertion dans l'économie et la société canadiennes. Le groupe somalien s'appuie davantage sur les ressources de la communauté pour démarrer et soutenir ses entreprises, et rencontre davantage d'obstacles économiques pour établir une économie ethnique. Les résultats suggèrent que la plénitude institutionnelle d'une communauté d'immigrants peut avoir un effet sur le succès de ses entreprises.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".