Becoming What We Always Were: “Conversion” of U.S. Greek Catholics to Russian Orthodoxy, 1890–1914
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The conversions of Greek Catholic migrants to Russian Orthodoxy in the U.S., as well as in Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Austria-Hungary in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries proliferated due to numerous intersecting causes. The most fundamental cause lay in the perception of “conversion” in terms of continuity, rather than transformation. Historians’ focus upon the conversion narrative of the foremost activist for the conversions in the U.S., Father Alexis Toth, has obscured the underlying causation for the phenomena of conversion. While Toth’s account of “Roman” Catholic prejudice prompting his conscious rejection of “the Unia” (Eastern Catholicism) in favor of Russian Orthodoxy does partially align with causation in the broader Eastern Europe and American movements, the narrative of conversion as dramatic transformation remains primarily a story about Toth. For many ordinary converts, a more central factor in their “conversions” lay in perceptions of continuity between their officially “Greek Catholic” religious practices which they (and, they believed, their ancestors) had always maintained, and their practices in newly-established Russian Orthodox convert parishes in the U.S. and throughout the Americas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".