Pharmacological and Developmental Evidence that the Potassium-Induced Stimulation of Deoxyglucose Uptake in Astrocytes Is a Metabolic Manifestation of Increased Na <sup>+</sup> -K <sup>+</sup> -ATPase Activity
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is disagreement in the literature whether or not deoxyglucose accumulation, a measure of glycolytic activity, is increased in astrocytes during exposure to elevated concentrations of the potassium ion (K+). In the present work we have confirmed our previous finding that deoxyglucose accumulation in primary cultures of well-differentiated mouse astrocytes shows a robust increase when the K+ concentration in the incubation medium is raised to or above 12 mM. This response is inhibited by ouabain (with a half-maximum effect at approximately 0.1 mM), indicating that it is a metabolic manifestation of the activity of an Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. The stimulation at this high level of K+ indicates a remarkably low K+ affinity of the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase involved, enabling it to be activated by above-normal concentrations of K+. At a resting concentration of K+ (5.4 mM), at least one half of the deoxyglucose accumulation is also a reflection of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, as shown by its susceptibility to inhibition by ouabain. Ouabain has some effect even at a concentration of 0.1 microM, indicating participation of not only the alpha 1 isoform which has a low affinity to ouabain, but also of the alpha 2 isoform, which has a high affinity. The stimulatory effect of elevated K+ is absent in immature astrocytes and only develops after prolonged time in culture. It could not be evoked in a seemingly similar culture of rat astrocytes, which has previously been shown to lack Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity as well as the alpha 2 isoform of the ATPase. This isoform has unequivocally been found to be expressed by astrocytes in situ.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it