Plant‐Bacterial Combinations to Phytoremediate Soil Contaminated with High Concentrations of 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The explosive 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a contaminant of concern at abandoned manufacturing and military sites because of its mobility and toxicity. Phytoremediation may play a role in natural attenuation scenarios by reducing TNT levels at point sources. The purpose of this study was to develop a phytoremediation system suitable for use in soils contaminated with high TNT levels. Sixteen grasses were screened for their tolerance to 41 g TNT kg −1 soil. Meadow bromegrass ( Bromus erectus Huds.), perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) and sweet vernalgrass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum L.) grew in this soil. Inoculating these grasses with Pseudomonas sp. Strain 14, capable of transforming TNT into mono‐ and di‐amino metabolites, increased the growth of meadow bromegrass but was lethal to perennial ryegrass and sweet vernalgrass. Meadow bromegrass inoculated with Strain 14 reduced TNT levels by 30% compared with the control soil and had 50% more plant biomass than noninoculated plants. Meadow bromegrass, combined with Strain I4, increased the percentage of the culturable soil heterotrophic population containing the genes involved in 2‐nitrotoluene ( ntdAa ) metabolism 3‐fold, as well as the population containing the genes involved in 4‐nitrotoluene ( ntnM ) metabolism 14‐fold. Strain I4 inoculation of meadow bromegrass altered the portion of the rhizosphere community involved in nitroaromatic metabolism and led to a reduction in soil TNT levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".