Breaking Barriers and Building Boundaries: Christian-Jewish Relations in the Writings of Leo Baeck
Bibliographic record
Abstract
By the year 1900, many Jews regarded themselves as an integral part of the cultural, economic and political1ife of Germany, even if the non-Jewish population may not have seen them in the same way. In view of the subsequent fate of German Jewry, there is much to suggest that the Jewish perception was wishful thinking rather than an accurate measure of reality. But we can understand how the Jews reasoned: they had lived in Germany even before the country became Christian; some may have settled there in Roman times. By the early Middle Ages, Jews had become well established in the German lands. The impact of the French Revolution and the subsequent unification of Germany had offered them new opportunities for integration. One of the early exponents of modem Judaism, Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786), was even recognized as a German philosopher of note. Other Jews had come to play important roles in the life of Germany. A growing number genuinely believed that they had good reason to feel at home in the country in which their families had lived for so many centuries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".