Using Geographic Information Systems to Inform Bus Maintenance Base Location Decisions: Sketch-Level Methodology for Estimating Bus Deadhead Costs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In making a decision to redesign a cramped or inefficient maintenance facility within a built urban environment, the cost of relocation must consider the change in operating costs due to rerouting transit routes and potentially changed deadhead costs (i.e., those costs associated with the trip a bus vehicle takes between the maintenance base and the start or end of a route). A sketch-level method for estimating bus deadhead costs that can serve as an input to high-level decision-making processes is described. In a recent analysis for TransLink in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, this methodology helped to quantify the total net change in deadhead costs associated with various location options. A geographic information systems (GIS) tool was used to calculate the shortest path among alternative maintenance base locations and start and end points of bus routes. Shortest-path calculations were based on estimated travel speeds, congestion, and known geographic constraints provided by the operator. Total deadhead-related costs were then estimated for each of the three maintenance base location options under consideration. The difference between these costs served as one component in the decision-making process, along with other factors such as property acquisition and construction cost. This analysis serves as an example of how GIS use can provide a low-cost sketch-planning tool to inform investment decisions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".