Plume mantle source heterogeneity through time: Insights from the Duarte Complex, Hispaniola, northeastern Caribbean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Located in the Cordillera Central of Hispaniola, the Duarte Complex offers an opportunity to study an on‐land fragment of the Caribbean‐Colombian oceanic plateau. Geochemical, Sr‐Nd isotope, and 40Ar‐39Ar radiometric age data combined with detailed mapping have shown that the Duarte Complex includes two lithostratigraphic units, composed of four geochemical groups of metavolcanic rocks: Group Ia, low‐Ti high‐Mg basalts, and group Ib, high‐Ti picrites and primitive high‐Mg basalts, occur interlayered in the lowermost levels of the lower unit; group II, light rare earth element (LREE)‐enriched picrites, ferropicrites and high‐Mg basalts, forms the main lava sequence of the lower unit; and group III, LREE‐enriched Fe‐Ti basalts, is present exclusively in the upper unit. Nd isotope and incompatible trace element patterns are diverse in the Duarte Complex metavolcanics and are consistent with mantle sources related to a heterogeneous plume. Mantle melt modeling suggests that an early, extensive melting (10–20%) of shallow mantle resulted in the formation of relatively depleted group I and II magmas, whereas the late, more enriched group III magmas were the product of deeper, low‐degree (<3%) melting of a heterogeneous plume. Therefore plume mantle sources were more enriched and deeper through time. Foliated amphibolites of the Duarte Complex yield 40Ar‐39Ar hornblende plateau ages of 93.9 ± 1.4 and 95.8 ± 1.9 Ma (Cenomanian, 99.6–93.5 Ma) that demonstrate an older age of the protholiths, probably Albian (>96 Ma). Hence an Early Cretaceous phase of the Caribbean‐Colombian oceanic plateau construction is recorded in Hispaniola.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".