Revenus de retraite des femmes et des hommes en France et au Québec : comment réduire les écarts ?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In France and in Quebec, women’s retirement incomes are lower than men’s, mainly because women shoulder the major part of family responsibilities and, as a result, spend less time in the labor market before retirement. In addition, women continue to be victims of wage discrimination. Finally, because women earn less than men, they are unable to save as much for retirement. In this article, we compare women’s and men’s retirement incomes in France and Quebec and we examine measures that compensate for the fact that women’s careers are less continuous than those of men. Our analysis of the situation of the young women of today suggests that the gap between women’s and men’s pensions will continue to narrow but that significant inequality will persist. We conclude that in order to prevent deterioration of women’s economic situation after retirement, the measures designed to compensate for time devoted to caring for children should be expanded and that public pension plans or mandatory complementary plans should be reinforced, rather than weakened.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".