Distribution of convective Lower Halocline Water in the eastern Arctic Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate the distribution of convectively formed Lower Halocline Water (cLHW) in the eastern Arctic Ocean using observational and climatological data. The cLHW can be defined as the water mass in the cold halocline layer formed by winter convection. The presence of cLHW is indicated by temperatures close to the freezing point and a sharp bend in the Θ‐S curve near the salinity of cLHW. Results from ice‐drifting buoy observations in 2002 show differences in water mass characteristics in the upper ocean among the Amundsen Basin, over the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge, and in the Nansen Basin. In 2000–2002, cLHW was present over the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge and the Nansen Basin, but was largely absent from the Amundsen Basin. Using climatological data, we find that cLHW was confined to the Nansen Basin prior to 1990. In the early 1990s, cLHW still covered only the Nansen Basin, but extended to the northern side of the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge in the mid‐1990s and covered the whole of the Amundsen Basin by the late 1990s. In the early 2000s, the area of cLHW moved back to its present boundary on the northern side of the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge. These results correspond roughly to other changes in the Arctic Ocean circulation and water mass structure, but with a time delay. We hypothesize that general circulation changes and the cutoff of source water for advective‐convective modification of the LHW are causes of the change in cLHW distribution. The lag in changes to cLHW distribution behind other changes in the atmosphere and upper ocean are likely related to differences in circulation change with depth and the transit time from cLHW formation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".