A mathematical model of turbulence modulation in particle-laden pipe flows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This investigation is concerned with developing a model of the processes involved in turbulence modulation by relatively large particles in dilute gas–solid turbulent flows. The mathematical model, which focuses on two-way coupling, has been developed based on the work of Lightstone and Hodgson (Turbulence modulation in gas–particle flows: a comparison of selected models, “Can. J. Chem. Eng.” 82, 2004, 209–219) to account for both enhancements and reductions in turbulent kinetic energy as well as the particle crossing trajectory effect. The underlying formulation scheme employs an Eulerian–Lagrangian reference frame, i.e. the carrier phase is considered as a continuum system, while the trajectories of individual particles are calculated using a Lagrangian framework. A random walk model is used to solve the particle motion equation. The proposed model, along with turbulence modulation models from the literature, is used to simulate a particle-laden vertical pipe flow. The simulation results show that the new model provides improved predictions of the experimental data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".