Multi-Stage Acid Stimulation Improves Production Values in Carbonate Formations in Western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Over the past few years, a new multi-stage, multi-jet fracturing technology has improved the acid fracturing of the Wabamun formation located in south central Alberta. The Crossfield member of the formation, found in the Swallwell field, has a large original oil and gas reservoir with low recovery factors to date of 2.4% for oil and 5.2% for natural gas. A 1% increase in recovery factors would yield an additional 875,000 bbls and 851,000 mcf of gas. Use of multiple mechanical isolation points in the new technology has demonstrated average initial production increases of 77 to 102% and final production increases of 12 to 28% compared to historical wells. The micro to very fine crystalline dolomite of the Crossfield member has average permeability ranges from 0.1 and 0.3 mD; therefore, acid stimulation is required in order to economically extract the resource. This paper will discuss the planning and design processes that led to the implementation of the multi-stage, multi-jet technology. It will outline the lessons learned during deployment of the completion, and will highlight the stimulation treatment execution and post-stimulation results. The text will detail examples from the case studies and will outline the benefits of this technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".