Comparison of two overlapping averaging schemes for HF ocean radar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spectral amplitudes of High-frequency (HF) radar signals backscattered from the ocean are known to be a Rayleigh distributed variable. The mean radar Doppler spectrum forms the basis for the extraction of sea-state parameters. Conventionaly, the mean spectrum is obtained by averaging the power of several Doppler spectra, a process which utilizes only the amplitude information of the sea echoes. The phase information is assumed to be meaningless. An assessment of a complex-value averaging scheme for HF radar systems is attempted through a simulation-based study and a field-data comparison with measurements from a moored current meter for a year of time. Results show that, although the power-averaging method outperforms the complex-value averaging for every simulated case, when field data are used, the RMS difference of the power-averaging method is significantly higher than that of the complex-value averaging, when the time series is long and extra smoothing is not ulized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".