Effects of Lactate-Induced Panic Attacks on Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As the clinical symptomatology of panic attacks may be conceivably related to abnormal brain stem activity, the present study examined the effect of lactate-precipitated panic on brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BSAEPs). The subjects were 27 patients who met DSM-III criteria for panic disorder (Pd), agoraphobia with panic attacks (AgPa) or agoraphobia (Ag). Following drug washout, patients were tested in two separate sessions, in a double-blind randomised controlled design in which each session involved two sequentially ordered BSAEP collection periods - a baseline period with no infusion followed by an intravenous infusion of 5% dextrose in water or 1.0 M sodium lactate (5 ml/kg in 5% dextrose/water) over a 20-min period. Of the 27 patients, 17 were clear responders, reporting panic attacks and self-report changes under lactate similar to those occurring during spontaneous panic. Of the remaining 10 patients, 6 were pseudo-responders, reporting panic symptoms under both dextrose and lactate, and 4 were non-responders. In the clear responders, lactate did not alter electrical events of the BSAEP, but further analysis within the clear responders, comparing AgPa patients with Pd patients, yielded a significant effect with lactate resulting in a prolonged III-V inter-peak interval in the AgPa group. It is suggested that the increased III-V interval in the AgPa group may be reflective of hyperactivity of brain stem noradrenergic nuclei.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".