Trafficking of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in non-lytic compartments in neutrophils enables the subsequent transfer of parasites to macrophages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inoculation of Leishmania (L.) spp. promastigotes in the dermis of mammals by blood-feeding sand flies can be accompanied by the rapid recruitment of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes and dendritic cells. Despite the presence of these lytic leucocytes, parasitism is efficiently established. We show here that Leishmania donovani promastigotes are targeted to two different compartments in neutrophils. The compartments harbouring either damaged or non-damaged parasites were characterized at the electron microscopy (EM) level using the glucose 6-phosphatase cytochemistry and endosome-phagosome fusion assays. One involves the contribution of lysosomes leading to the formation of highly lytic compartments where parasites are rapidly degraded. The other is lysosome-independent and involves the contribution of a compartment displaying some features of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where parasites are protected from degradation. Using genetically modified parasites, we show that the promastigote surface lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is required to inhibit lysosome fusion and maintain parasites in neutrophil compartments displaying ER features. L. donovani-harbouring neutrophils that eventually enter apoptosis can be phagocytosed by macrophages enabling the stealth entry of parasites into their final replicative host cells. Thus, the ability of L. donovani to avoid trafficking into lysosomes-derived compartments in short-lived neutrophils constitutes a key process for the subsequent establishment of long-term parasitism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".