Anglo-Italian Armament Trade Competition in Iraq: The Italian Air Force Mission to Iraq, 1937–40
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article seeks to shed light on a largely neglected episode in the history of Anglo-Italian imperial competition in the Middle East. Although reference has often been made to the military and commercial aspects of the Italian Air Force Mission to Iraq, very little research has been conducted to uncover the political and strategic consequences of this in the context of Anglo-Italian imperial competition. The Air Force Mission to Iraq was an important aspect of the imperial policy pursued by the Fascist regime, the ultimate goal of which was to supplant British influence in the region. Yet, although the Italian government succeeded in exploiting Arab resentment towards British policies and asserted the position of its own aeronautical industry in a market tightly controlled by Britain, the ambitious programme ultimately failed because Iraq was not prepared to enter into direct conflict with His Majesty's Government. The final upshot is a delineation not only of the long-term clash of interests that separated Britain and Italy in the Middle East, but also the strengths and limits of Fascist Italy's imperial policies in the region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".