Texture of Vacuum Microwave Dehydrated Apple Chips as Affected by Calcium Pretreatment, Vacuum Level, and Apple Variety
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The effects of calcium pretreatment, vacuum level, and apple variety on the texture of apple chips, processed using a combination of air drying and vacuum microwave dehydration (VMD), were determined. Pretreatment of apple slices by immersion in 1‐5% aqueous CaCl 2 significantly increased crispness of chips as determined by instrumental and sensory analysis; however above 1%, chips were perceived as bitter. Higher vacuum applied during VMD significantly lowered density and increased crispness of chips. This effect was mediated by the vaporization of water in the interior of the chip, which caused expansion of the tissue. Chips made from Fuji apples had higher calcium contents, and were crisper than Red and Golden Delicious apple chips. Microstructure of the chips evaluated by scanning electron microscopy indicated that chips with thicker cell walls and large internal voids were crisper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".