Improving video captioning for deaf and hearing-impaired people based on eye movement and attention overload
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deaf and hearing-impaired people capture information in video through visual content and captions. Those activities require different visual attention strategies and up to now, little is known on how caption readers balance these two visual attention demands. Understanding these strategies could suggest more efficient ways of producing captions. Eye tracking and attention overload detections are used to study these strategies. Eye tracking is monitored using a pupilcenter- corneal-reflection apparatus. Afterward, gaze fixation is analyzed for each region of interest such as caption area, high motion areas and faces location. This data is also used to identify the scanpaths. The collected data is used to establish specifications for caption adaptation approach based on the location of visual action and presence of character faces. This approach is implemented in a computer-assisted captioning software which uses a face detector and a motion detection algorithm based on the Lukas-Kanade optical flow algorithm. The different scanpaths obtained among the subjects provide us with alternatives for conflicting caption positioning. This implementation is now undergoing a user evaluation with hearing impaired participants to validate the efficiency of our approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".