Electromigration of Chitosan <scp>d</scp>-Glucosamine and Oligomers in Dilute Aqueous Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electromigration behavior of chitosan D-glucosamine and oligomers with a degree of polymerization from 1 to 6 in dilute aqueous systems containing either NaCl or KCl salt at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 M at pH values from 2 to 9 was evaluated. The results showed that the electromigration of the chitosan D-glucosamine and oligomers did not change by changing the type of salt in the running medium and that the pH had a significant effect on the direction of migration under an external electric field. In addition, the increase in the ionic strength of the medium caused a significant decrease on the absolute value of the electrophoretic mobility, and the highest values of the electromobility were observed in water. However, the ionic strength had no significant effect on the electrophoretic mobilities at pH 2 in comparison with the other pH values. The dimer showed the highest electrophoretic mobility in the alkaline zone of the pH. At pH values lower than the pKa of the D-glucosamine, the chitosan D-glucosamine, and oligomers migrated toward the anode, where the amine groups are protonated and carry positive charge. At higher pH values, chitosan D-glucosamine and oligomers migrated toward the anode, even though they did not carry any electric charge. The contribution of the difference in the dielectric constants between the solvent and the solute to this phenomenon was highlighted. It was shown that the glucose moiety contributes to the direction of migration of the chitosan D-glucosamine and oligomers under alkaline conditions and that the difference in the dielectric constant of glucose and the solvent accounts for the direction and the extent of electromobility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".