Why Do People Need Self-Esteem? A Theoretical and Empirical Review.
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Abstract
Terror management theory (TMT; J. Greenberg, T. Pyszczynski, & S. Solomon, 1986) posits that people are motivated to pursue positive self-evaluations because self-esteem provides a buffer against the omnipresent potential for anxiety engendered by the uniquely human awareness of mortality. Empirical evidence relevant to the theory is reviewed showing that high levels of self-esteem reduce anxiety and anxiety-related defensive behavior, reminders of one's mortality increase self-esteem striving and defense of self-esteem against threats in a variety of domains, high levels of self-esteem eliminate the effect of reminders of mortality on both self-esteem striving and the accessibility of death-related thoughts, and convincing people of the existence of an afterlife eliminates the effect of mortality salience on self-esteem striving. TMT is compared with other explanations for why people need self-esteem, and a critique of the most prominent of these, sociometer theory, is provided.
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The record
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Topic
- Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Field
- Psychology
- Canadian institutions
- University of Alberta
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- Terror management theoryMortality salienceDeath anxietySelf-esteemPsychologyAfterlifeSalience (neuroscience)Social psychologyAnxietyEmpirical researchDevelopmental psychologyCognitive psychologyPsychiatry
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes