Effect of bile and lipids on the stereoselective metabolism of halofantrine by rat everted‐intestinal sacs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The everted rat intestinal-sac model was utilized to assess the effect of post-prandial conditions on the stereoselective intestinal metabolism of halofantrine to its active metabolite desbutylhalofantrine. Everted intestinal sacs were incubated with (+/-)-halofantrine HCl in the presence of simulated bile solution (containing lecithin, lipase and cholesterol) and lipids to mimic post-prandial conditions in the small intestine. The halofantrine enantiomer concentrations in intestinal sacs were relatively constant in the presence of bile, but decreased significantly on addition of lipids to the incubation media. Formation of desbutylhalofantrine enantiomers was inversely proportional to bile concentration whereas addition of lipids in the presence of bile caused a significant decrease in desbutylhalofantrine:halofantrine ratio of (-) enantiomers. Pre-treatment of rats with peanut oil had no significant effect on desbutylhalofantrine formation in the incubated sacs or microsomal preparations, nor did it affect the expression of intestinal cytochrome P450. Addition of extra cholesterol to the bile incubations caused a significant increase in tissue halofantrine and desbutylhalofantrine concentrations, which as for lower cholesterol, were diminished on addition of other lipids. The results were consistent with previous in vivo evaluations showing that the desbutylhalofantrine to halofantrine ratio was decreased by the ingestion of a high fat meal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".