Anthropometric data for magnetic resonance imaging of the carotid bifurcation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To provide anthropometric data applicable to the design of protocols for high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the carotid bifurcation, particularly those aimed at elucidating the role of local factors in carotid atherogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Axial black-blood MR images of the carotid bifurcation were acquired from 25 young, healthy volunteers and 25 older, asymptomatic patients, from which were measured a variety of quantities related to the orientation and placement of the bifurcation within the neck. RESULTS: Descriptive statistics were obtained for the following quantities: separation of the bifurcation apices within (57.8+/-6.7 mm) and between (4.9+/-4.1 mm) axial slices; orientation of the bifurcation within the axial plane (31.7+/-26.9 degrees ), and of the common carotid artery (CCA) relative to the sagittal (7.5+/-7.1 degrees ) and coronal (7.9+/-7.8 degrees ) planes; depth of the bifurcation from the skin surface (29.5+/-7.2 mm); and neck width (125.9+/-14.4 mm). CONCLUSION: In most cases, both carotid arteries may be captured, without aliasing, within a 12-cm field-of-view axial image; however, the two apices will rarely be captured within the same axial slice. The CCA is significantly oblique to the body axis, but at angles sufficiently acute to permit the use of axial slices. Finally, a significant linear relationship between neck width and carotid depth may be used to inform radio frequency (RF) coil selection prior to scanning a subject, and hence facilitate optimal imaging in light of the wide anatomic variations observed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".