Adaptive compounding of synthetic aperture and compounded plane-wave imaging for fast ultrasonography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the investigation and implementation of a combined synthetic aperture (SA) and compounded plane wave (CPW) ultrasound imaging technique. Individually, these methods offer unique benefits over the conventional transmit beamforming used in ultrasonography (higher resolution and increased signal-to-noise ratio, respectively), and both have the potential for a higher physical frame rate limit. The technique described combines the individual benefits while maintaining a higher frame rate, by adaptively compounding the resulting images from SA and CPW sequences at half the standard number of transmits. Tests on a phantom with both point scatterers and occlusions showed overall improvements of 14.5% in lateral resolution and 7.5% in axial resolution over CPW, and a 14.5 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for occlusions over SA. Both resolution and SNR were an improvement over that for conventional transmit beamforming with two focus depths, and offer double the physical frame rate limit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".