Invasive Infections Caused by Haemophilus influenzae Serotypes in Twelve Canadian IMPACT Centers, 1996–2001
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) immunization has changed the epidemiology of pediatric bacterial invasive disease. We describe the epidemiology of H. influenzae invasive infections in 12 Canadian pediatric tertiary care [Immunization Monitoring Program, ACTive (IMPACT)] centers during the era of universal immunization against this pathogen. METHODS: Children with positive cultures for H. influenzae serotypes a to f (Hia to Hif) and nontypable H. influenzae from sterile sites were identified from the laboratory records at 12 IMPACT centers from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2001. Hospital records were retrospectively reviewed for demographic and clinical information. RESULTS: Of 166 H. influenzae cases, 58 (35%) were caused by Hib, 89 (54%) by non-b serotypes, and 19 (11%) were not serotyped. The non-b serotypes included: 25 Hia (28%), 4 Hid (4%), 2 Hie (2%), 11 Hif (12%), and 47 were nontypable isolates (53%). For patients with Hib and Hia infection, meningitis was the most common presentation, accounting for 40% and 52% respectively, whereas the most common presentation for nontypable serotypes was pneumonia, seen in 43% of cases. Epiglottitis was associated mainly with Hib. Aboriginal ethnicity was an important risk factor for Hia cases, accounting for 76% of patients with infections caused by this serotype. Mean duration of hospitalization, need for admission to a pediatric intensive care unit, and case fatality rates were similar for the cases because of Hib, Hia, Hif, and nontypable serotypes. CONCLUSIONS: In 1996-2001, two-thirds of H. influenzae invasive disease in the 12 IMPACT centers was caused by non-b serotypes, which were associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".