Dynamics of the hydrogen and phosphate ions in proton conducting gel/D3PO4 electrolytes: A H2 and P31 nuclear magnetic resonance study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of protonic conducting polymeric gels is motivated by their possible application in various electrochemical devices. Nonaqueous proton-conducting gel electrolytes are being developed for use in various sensors and electrochromic devices operating at ambient temperatures. The electrolyte must have a relatively high conductivity and chemical and physical stability. One method of producing nonaqueous conducting polymeric gel electrolytes is to entrap organic solutions of a strong acid such as H3PO4 in a polymer matrix. Results are reported on the system consisting of phosphoric acid dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) within a gel network formed with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA). Using selective deuteration, the diffusion coefficients for both the deuteron and phosphorus from the phosphoric acid and the DMF are measured by field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Combining the diffusion with conductivity measurements in the Nernst–Einstein equation leads to a better understanding of the number of charge carriers in the mixture and the temperature dependence of this number. Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation is used as a tool to probe the ion dynamics in these materials. In addition to NMR measurements, the samples have been characterized by electrical conductivity, differential scanning calorimetry, and viscosity measurements. The results show that the Grotthus mechanism involving the hopping of the proton from one molecular site to another, as well as the vehicular mechanism due to the motion of the D2PO4− and D4PO4+ ions are most responsible for the motion of the proton in these electrolytes. The variety of protonation sites in the PGMA/DMF/H3PO4 system is much more diverse that in the previously studied PMMA/PC/D3PO4 system. In the PGMA/DMF/H3PO4 system there are sites on the polymer, DMF and H3PO4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".