Using Helium Isotope Composition in Underground Fluid to Estimate the Ratio of Crust/mantle Component of Continental Heat Flow
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The helium isotope 3 He in underground fluid comes from the mantle by degassing process, and 4 He is the decay product of uranium and thorium. Because U and Th mainly concentrate in the continental crust, so 4 He flux is approximately proportional to the heat flux of crust; but 3 He flux is associated with mantle heat flux. So the ratio of crust/mantle component of continental heat flow (qc/qm) is inversely related to the 3He/4He ratio of underground fluid. Based on data sets of 3He/4He ratio and qc/qm in Eurasia and Canadian Shield, we obtain the regression relation between qc/qm and 3 He/ 4 He: qc/qm = 0:815 − 0:300 ln( 3 He/ 4 He), in which the unit of 3He/4He is R A (atmospheric 3 He/ 4 He ratio). Furthermore, the crust and mantle heat flow components can be taken from surface heat flow and qc/qm ratio. On the basis of this formula and heat flow data in major sedimentary basins of China, the crustal and mantle heat flow values were estimated; and the thickness of thermal lithosphere and the average crustal heat production rate inferred from these values are consistent with the results by seismology. Helium isotope ratio ( 3 He/ 4 He) is a useful parameter for separating crust and mantle components from continental heat flow.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it