Using Helium Isotope Composition in Underground Fluid to Estimate the Ratio of Crust/mantle Component of Continental Heat Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The helium isotope 3 He in underground fluid comes from the mantle by degassing process, and 4 He is the decay product of uranium and thorium. Because U and Th mainly concentrate in the continental crust, so 4 He flux is approximately proportional to the heat flux of crust; but 3 He flux is associated with mantle heat flux. So the ratio of crust/mantle component of continental heat flow (qc/qm) is inversely related to the 3He/4He ratio of underground fluid. Based on data sets of 3He/4He ratio and qc/qm in Eurasia and Canadian Shield, we obtain the regression relation between qc/qm and 3 He/ 4 He: qc/qm = 0:815 − 0:300 ln( 3 He/ 4 He), in which the unit of 3He/4He is R A (atmospheric 3 He/ 4 He ratio). Furthermore, the crust and mantle heat flow components can be taken from surface heat flow and qc/qm ratio. On the basis of this formula and heat flow data in major sedimentary basins of China, the crustal and mantle heat flow values were estimated; and the thickness of thermal lithosphere and the average crustal heat production rate inferred from these values are consistent with the results by seismology. Helium isotope ratio ( 3 He/ 4 He) is a useful parameter for separating crust and mantle components from continental heat flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".