Photochemical Strategies for the Facile Synthesis of Gold−Silver Alloy and Core−Shell Bimetallic Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reduction of HAuCl 4 and AgNO 3 in aqueous surfactant solutions by 2-hydroxy-2-propyl radical generated by the photochemical cleavage of 1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propane-1-one, commercialized as Irgacure-2959 (I-2959), produces Au−Ag bimetallic nanoparticles with different composition, and architecture,, alloys, and core−shells. The nanoparticle architecture depends on the surfactant employed. The use of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) produces Au(core)−Ag(shell) nanoparticles, as expected on the basis of the redox properties of the two metals, whereas when the surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), it promotes the formation of Au−Ag alloy nanoparticles; the effect is attributed to silver’s Coulombic advantage that compensates for the fact that gold is a “more noble” metal. Both structures are characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission spectroscopy (HR-TEM).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".