A statistical study of the relative locations of electron and proton auroral boundaries inferred from meridian scanning photometer observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the results of a statistical study of the absolute and relative locations of the equatorward boundaries of the proton and diffuse electron auroras. The boundaries were analyzed using latitude scans of 630.0 and 486.0 nm (“Hβ”) emissions obtained with the meridian scanning photometers at Gillam and Pinawa, Canada with DMSP overflights. The aurora data were classified into three different steady geomagnetic activity states, one being long‐duration quiet intervals and the other two being moderate and active steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) events. Both case and statistical studies show that the quiet times dusk‐premidnight proton aurora extends slightly equatorward of the electron aurora. This is reversed on the dawnside. In contrast, the electron aurora during moderate and active SMC intervals lies equatorward of the proton aurora throughout the entire nightside covered in this work (20–03 MLT). There is a dawn‐dusk offset in the auroral oval location, with the proton aurora shifting toward premidnight and the electron aurora toward postmidnight. Moreover, with increasing geomagnetic activity, both of the auroras intrude to lower latitude. The penetration of the electron boundary equatorward of the proton precipitation across this MLT range has not been previously identified. We attribute this to the fact that the equatorward part of the diffuse electron aurora is produced by lower energy electrons to which the 630.0 nm emission is more responsive and so marks a more realistic location of the electron equatorward boundary than do the 557.7 nm and UV emissions used in previous intercomparisons of these boundaries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".