Hybrid PPM-BPSK for Transmitted Reference Pulse Cluster Systems in UWB and 60-GHz Channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transmitted reference pulse cluster (TRPC) is an impulse radio technology developed for ultrawideband (UWB) communications that achieves superior performance among noncoherent (NC) schemes with low complexity. It employs binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) in the pulse cluster to carry information. In this letter, a hybrid pulse position modulation (PPM) and BPSK is introduced into the TRPC to improve energy efficiency and/or increase data rate. Two types of bit-to-pulse cluster mapping are proposed, one of which is termed Gray PPM-BPSK. It is shown by analysis and simulation that, compared with the original BPSK-TRPC, the new Gray PPM-BPSK-based TRPC not only increases the data rate by a factor of 2 but also achieves 1.5-3-dB coding gain in the BER performance. The performance improvement of the proposed hybrid schemes over BPSK-TRPC and NC PPM is demonstrated over both 3-10-GHz UWB and 60-GHz millimeter-wave channels, making it a promising signaling candidate for these frequency bands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".