The impacts of the PNA and NAO on annual maximum snowpack over southern Canada during 1979–2009
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are two of the most important atmospheric low‐frequency variability modes modulating interannual anomalies of snowpacks in North America. However, the quantitative degree to which the PNA and NAO affect the annual maximum snow water equivalent (SWEmax), a quantity directly relevant to the ground snow load calculation in National Building Code of Canada, remains unknown. This study explores the relationship of the winter PNA and NAO to the Canadian SWEmax anomalies and potential changes associated with atmospheric circulation patterns. Significant correlations are identified in eastern and western Canada, where climatological mean values are largest due to the high frequency of snow storm occurrence. The regions in Canada where SWEmax anomalies are influenced by the PNA and NAO experienced a significant change from pre‐1998 to post‐1998. This change is consistent with the observed changes in annual maximum snow depth and the winter atmospheric circulations during 1979–2009. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".