Tolerance of Seedling Bermudagrass to Postemergence Herbicides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The introduction of improved seeded cultivars of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] has generated significant interest from the turfgrass industry. An important component of successfully establishing these new cultivars will be to develop effective weed control strategies for the critical establishment period. A field study and a greenhouse study were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of several seeded bermudagrasses to commonly used postemergence herbicides at different periods of establishment. In a field study, ‘Princess’ bermudagrass was seeded at a rate of 48 kg ha−1 during the early summer of 2000 and 2001. Postemergence herbicides were applied at either 1, 2, or 4 wk after emergence (WAE). Herbicide treatments included MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) at 1.12 kg ha−1, metsulfuron (2[[[[(4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2yl] amino] carboxyl] amino] sulfonyl]‐2‐benzoic acid) at 0.021 kg ha−1, diclofop ((±)‐2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoic acid) at 1.12 kg ha−1, clopyralid (3,6 dichloro‐2‐pyridinecarboxylic acid) at 0.56 kg ha−1, dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) at 0.56 kg ha−1, 2,4‐D amine D [(2,4‐ dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid at 0.56 kg ha−1, and quinclorac (3, 7‐dichloro‐8‐quinolinecarboxylic acid) at 0.842 kg ha−1 Visual injury ratings were recorded at 3, 5, 7, 15, and 30 d after treatment (DAT) and percent turfgrass cover was recorded at 30 and 60 DAT. In the greenhouse study, the same herbicides and treatments were used with the cultivars Princess, Yukon, NuMex Sahara, Jackpot, and Mirage. In both the field and greenhouse studies, there was no clear effect of application timing on the tolerance of seedling bermudagrass to herbicides. Diclofop and metsulfuron caused the highest levels of injury in both years of the field study and in the greenhouse study. The other herbicides tested caused less injury. The bermudagrass recovered from all herbicide injury by 30 d after treatment. The results from this study indicate that seedling bermudagrass is relatively tolerant of many commonly used postemergence herbicides as soon as 1 WAE. These results will be useful to turfgrass managers who are considering use of improved cultivars in various turf situations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".