Why and Where to Look in the Environment with Regard to the Etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to emerge with rising prevalence rates in the developed world and rising incidence rates in the developing world, it has become clear that environmental factors play a critical role in disease etiology. While no single environmental factor has been proven to have a definite causative role, there are several leading candidates. Smoking has been shown to adversely impact on the course of Crohn's disease (CD), but is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause CD. Considering that the countries with the highest smoking rates in the world have among the lowest rates of CD, it is more likely that smoking modulates CD once it is present as opposed to being directly causative. Diet likely plays a role, perhaps by modulating the gut microbiome directly or indirectly by impacting on the gut immune homeostasis. Antibiotics have become ubiquitously prescribed in the developed world and their emergence coincided with the emergence of IBD in the middle of the 20th century. Antibiotic use is also increasing in the developing world, and perhaps by modulating the gut microbiome this may be facilitating the emergence of IBD where it was rare 40 years ago. Finally, personal stress has intestinal physiological and immunological effects and is assuming an increasing role in the management of IBD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".