Molecular dynamics study of the effect of cholesterol on the properties of lipid monolayers at low surface tensions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of cholesterol concentration on the properties of lipid monolayers at air/water interfaces at low surface tensions. This is of interest for understanding the properties and function of lung surfactant monolayers. Lung surfactant lines the gas exchange interface in the lungs and dramatically reduces the surface tension, thereby preventing lung collapse and decreasing the work associated with breathing. Changes in the lipid composition of lung surfactant, particularly an increase in cholesterol concentration, can result in inhibition of its function, as in the case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We have used molecular dynamics simulations with both atomistic and coarse-grained force fields to study lipid monolayers containing DPPC, POPG and cholesterol in molecular ratios of 8:2:1 and 4:1:4 at surface tensions of 40, 20 and 0 mN m(-1) at 310 K. These mixtures model the lipid component of lung surfactant at normal (approximately 9%) and elevated (approximately 44%) cholesterol concentration. We have characterised the structural and dynamic properties of these monolayers and calculated the free energy for transfer of each lipid from its equilibrium position in the monolayer into water and into air (vacuum). The results show that at low surface tensions an increase in cholesterol concentrations leads to formation of a liquid-condensed phase with low area compressibility, which is in agreement with experimental findings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".