A 330 &#x00B5;W, G<inf>m</inf>-boosted VCO with &#x2212;205 dB FoM<inf>T</inf> and 35 % tuning range using class-b biasing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we present an ultra-low power VCO with a supply voltage of 0.5 V. The proposed VCO uses class-B biasing with optimum switching amplitude for the tail current sources to improve the phase noise. Using a G <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> -boosted structure, the parasitics at the LC-tank have been reduced, thus resulting in a larger tuning range. Using the proposed technique, a phase noise improvement of 2.8 dB at 50 KHz offset and 2.2 dB at 1 MHz offset were achieved. The proposed design was implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process. The VCO achieves a tuning range of > 1 GHz with nominal power consumption of 330 µW, the lowest among VCOs with comparable performance. The proposed VCO achieves an excellent figure-of-merit with a tuning range (FoM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> ) of −205.4 dBc/Hz at 2.41 GHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".