Decreased expression of endometrial vessel AQP1 and endometrial epithelium AQP2 related to anovulatory uterine bleeding in premenopausal women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Aquaporins (AQPs) may be involved in the occurrence of abnormal uterine bleeding as the mediators between ovarian steroids and cyclic endometrial changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of endometrial AQPs in women with anovulatory uterine bleeding and explore the relationship between endometrial AQPs and ovarian steroids. DESIGN: Sixty-one women with premenopausal anovulatory uterine bleeding and 108 women with normal cycles were involved in this study. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from the women with anovulatory uterine bleeding and normal control women. Serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the same day as an endometrial biopsy was performed. AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA expression was evaluated using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize AQP1 and AQP2 in the endometrium, and their expression was quantified by an image analysis/measuring system. RESULTS: AQP1 was located in the endothelium of small vessels, whereas AQP2 was mainly found in luminal and glandular epithelium. The expression levels of AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA and protein were higher in the secretory phase than those in the proliferative phase (P < 0.01) in normal endometrium, and their expression was related to serum steroid hormones (P < 0.01). However, the expression of AQP1 and AQP2 decreased in the endometrium in anovulatory uterine bleeding comparing with normal endometrium (P < 0.01). The correlation between AQP expression and ovarian steroids vanished (P > 0.05) in anovulatory uterine bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that cyclic expression of endometrial AQP1/AQP2 correlated with steroid hormone levels may be essential to normal endometrial function and decreased AQP1/AQP2 expression in endometrial vessels or epithelium may be involved in the occurrence of anovulatory uterine bleeding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".