Measure optimized wrapper framework for multi-class imbalanced data learning: An empirical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Class imbalance is one of the challenging problems for machine learning in many real-world applications. Many methods have been proposed to address and attempt to solve the problem, including re-sampling and cost-sensitive learning. However, the existing methods have room for improvement since the potentially optimal values of the factors associated with best performance are unknown. Moreover most methods only focus on the binary class imbalance problem, thus there is no efficient solution in multi-class imbalanced learning. This paper presents an effective wrapper framework incorporating the evaluation measure into the objective function of cost sensitive learning as well as re-sampling directly, so as to improve the original methods through optimizing factors influencing the performance on the imbalanced data classification. Comprehensive experimental results on various standard benchmark datasets with different ratios of imbalance show that the influence of optimizing parameters on the solutions for learning imbalanced data is critical, and demonstrate the effectiveness of measure-optimized scheme on the imbalanced data learning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".