Hybrid photovoltaic cells based on ZnO/Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/P3HT heterojunctions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We demonstrate hybrid photovoltaic (PV) cells based on n–i–p heterojunctions with incorporated zinc oxide (ZnO) films using a sol–gel method. The cells, employing stibnite (Sb2S3), and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) materials, as light absorption layers, constitute an active region in the indium tin oxide (ITO)/ZnO(n)/Sb2S3(i)/P3HT(p)/Ag hybrid structure. Our investigation shows that annealing temperature has a significant effect on both the crystallinity and optical absorption of Sb2S3 films. The near‐intrinsic Sb2S3 films annealed at 300 °C exhibits dark conductivity of 1.42 × 10−7 S cm−1. The performance of PV cells strongly depends on thermal treatment of Sb2S3, and on the thickness of both the Sb2S3 and P3HT layers. Electronic structures of annealed Sb2S3 films was further studied by photoelectron spectroscopy to understand the physics behind.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".