Non-interference measurement of CH4, N2O and NH3 emissions from cattle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A technique combining open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with an inverse-dispersion model was used to quantify methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from an isolated cattle pen in south-eastern Australia. Twenty-eight Angus steers (1-year old, initial average liveweight 404 kg) were fed a 60% grain diet and kept in a pen (20 × 20 m) for 41 days. Gas concentrations were measured downwind of the pen using an open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with a path length of 100 m, having a detection sensitivity of 2, 0.3 and 0.4 ppb for CH4, N2O and NH3, respectively. Daily emission rates were 232, 14 and 192 g/cattle.day for CH4, N2O and NH3, respectively. The measured CH4 emissions were in agreement with predictions based on Australian National Inventory recommendations, however, measured N2O and NH3 emissions were much higher than the predicted values. Extrapolation of our measurements would mean that CH4 and N2O emissions from beef feedlot cattle contribute 3.1% and 5.9% of the Australian agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".