Stable DNA Aggregation by Removal of Counterions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Negatively charged DNA can form extremely stable complexes with positively charged ions. These counterions are very difficult to remove from DNA; therefore, little is known about DNA behavior in their deficiency. We investigated whether removal of counterions from the strongly bound counterion layer would elicit any novel DNA properties or behaviors. In order to remove the tightly bound counterions, we used dialysis against deionized water in the presence of a strong (0.6 kV/cm) electric field. The electric field promoted the dissociation of the DNA-counterion complexes, while dialysis facilitated irreversible partitioning of counterions and DNA. Counterintuitively, when deprived of counterions, DNA precipitated from the solution into amorphous aggregates. The aggregates remained stable even when the electric field was turned off but readily redissolved when counterions were reintroduced. The phenomenon is likely explained by attraction of like-charged DNA polyions due to entropic-stabilization of condensed counterion layers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".