Measuring Chronic Stress in the Emergency Medical Services
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study validates an instrument assessing work-related chronic stress in emergency medical services (EMS) personnel. The instrument was distributed to a systematic probability sample of EMS personnel (N = 1633). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor, 34 item solution (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = .943, χ2 = 23344.38, df = 561, p ≤ .001). Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a two-factor, 20 item solution (χ2 = 632.67, df = 168, p < .001, root mean square error of approximation = .06, comparative fit index = .92, Tucker-Lewis Index = .91, standardized root mean square residual = .04). The factors demonstrated good internal reliability as well as acceptable convergent, discriminant, and predictive validities. Chronic workplace stress may lead to psychological distress; this validation contributes to the tools available to assess the health and well-being of EMS providers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".