Glial Cells: Indispensable Partners of Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system is comprised of magnocellular neurones that synthesise the neuropeptides oxytocin or vasopressin. As neurohormones, these peptides intervene in the regulation of vital functions such as parturition, lactation, osmotic and cardiovascular regulation. The release of these peptides in the general circulation depends on the electrical activity of their parent neurones, which in turn is regulated by the activity of their afferent inputs conveying distinct information. Thus, in view of the diversity of information governing the activity of magnocellular neurones, it is crucial that the system adapts the appropriate release of oxytocin and vasopressin upon physiological demand. Until recently, it was considered that only neurones could provide such adaptation and regulation. However, a third partner of the synapse, the astrocyte, has been shown to provide further control. Astrocytic processes are in proximity of the magnocellular neurones and their synapses, well positioned to detect and modulate synaptic signals. For instance, astrocytes detect a synaptic signal owing to their diverse neurotransmitter/neuropeptide receptors. In addition, they release a variety of neuroactive substances (i.e. gliotransmitters), which in turn modulate synaptic activity. An important gliotransmitter is the amino acid, d-serine, which, together with glutamate, activates NMDA receptors. Once activated, NMDA receptors govern the weight of individual inputs on magnocellular neurones and thus the impact of distinct types of information on neuronal activity. As reviewed here, numerous observations show that astrocytes must be considered as key elements in the functioning of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".