Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methylglyoxal can yield advanced glycosylated endproducts (AGE) via non-enzymatic glycation of proteins. Whether methylglyoxal contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension has not been clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the levels of methylglyoxal and methylglyoxal-induced AGE were enhanced and whether methylglyoxal increased oxidative stress and activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and increased ICAM-1 content in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The cellular levels of methylglyoxal, AGE and methylglyoxal-induced AGE formation were significantly higher in VSMC from SHR than that from Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Basal levels of oxidative stress and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were higher in SHR. Methylglyoxal induced a greater increase in oxidative stress in VSMC from SHR and an equal increase in HO-1 expression in VSMC from SHR and WKY. Basal levels of glutathione (GSH) and activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were lower in VSMC from SHR. Methylglyoxal significantly decreased GSH concentration and the activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in VSMC from both rat strains. Moreover, basal levels of ICAM-1 expression and of nuclearly-localized NF-kB p65 was higher in VSMC from SHR. Methylglyoxal activated NF-kB p65 and increased ICAM-1 expression in SHR VSMC, which was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, methylglyoxal level, AGE formation, and oxidative stress level were enhanced in VSMC from SHR, which potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".